Ted Nelson |
姓名(英文) Ted Nelson
机构与职务 日本Keio大学项目教授
出生年月 1937年5月23①
出生国家、地点 美国纽约
教育背景 2002年,获Keio大学媒体管理博士学位
1963年,获哈佛大学社会学硕士学位
1959年,获Swarthmore大学哲学学士学位
职业背景 现为日本Keio大学项目教授
随后,在Swarthmore大学工作
1973年,伊利诺斯大学工作
名言(著作) “如果说你听起来觉得很疯狂,说明你理解了。”
电子邮件(网址) ted@xanadu.net
(注① 因为网上没有他的月份和日子,在他70岁演讲时有提到 详见YouTube - Intertwingularity: When Ideas Collide, Part 1/15)
《计算机解放》 |
Computer Lib: You can and must understand computers now / Dream Machines: New freedoms through computer screens—a minority report (1974), Microsoft Press, rev. edition 1987: ISBN 0-914845-49-7
注:《计算机解放(Computer Lib)》这是纳尔逊最著名的书,这本书淋漓尽致地表现了作者百科全书式的智慧与激情,包含人口统计、黑客心理、IBM的邪恶、全息摄影、音乐符号、出租PDP—8计算机的地方名录以及如何在Trac机器上编程。全书没有索引,甚至没有目录。虽然里面有大量的参考材料,但是,一个人如果没有研读过多次,就不可能把它用作参考书。而实际上,真有许多黑客反复研读。虽然语言通俗,但是真正的影响还是程序员圈子,可以说是黑客文化的最佳指南。
The Home Computer Revolution (1977)
Literary Machines: The report on, and of, Project Xanadu concerning word processing, electronic publishing, hypertext, thinkertoys, tomorrow's intellectual revolution, and certain other topics including knowledge, education and freedom (1981), Mindful Press, Sausalito, California.
Publication dates as listed in the 93.1 (1993) edition: 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993
The Future of Information (1997)
A Cosmology for a Different Computer Universe: Data Model, Mechanisms, Virtual Machine and Visualization Infrastructure. Journal of Digital Information, Volume 5 Issue 1. Article No. 298, July 16, 2004
Geeks Bearing Gifts: How The Computer World Got This Way (2008) (Chapter summaries)
Ted Nelson |
http://article.yeeyan.org/view/395/71753
http://www.douban.com/group/topic/1922091/
http://www.douban.com/group/topic/1922091/
http://www.techcn.com.cn/index.php?edition-view-132026-1
以下是New Scientist 06年某期上对Ted部分的采访:
What is the connection between hypertext and online social networking?
It’s all built on a certain kind of hypertext. Whenever you post a comment on someone’s web page or link it to yours, for example, you make a sort of hyperlink.
超文本和在线社会网络的关联性何在?
社会网络是建基于某种超文本上的。比如,你在某人的网页贴一个评论,或把这个网页链接到你自己的网页上,你就在进行超链接。
Why should we care about what kind of hypertext underpins it all?
Because this determines which ways of using social networking are easy, which are hard, and which are impossible.
为什么我们应该关注“社会网络到底基于哪一种超文本技术”这个问题呢?
因为这事关我们使用的社会网络的功能:哪些是容易的,哪些不容易,甚至不可能。
What social networking sites have you explored?
Second Life is interesting – a three dimensional world in which people pay to play house. They build and decorate their own “homes” and “visit” each other.
你看过什么样的社会网络网站?
Second Life这个网站很有意思——一个三维世界,那里人们花钱过家家。他们造房,装修自己的“家”,并相互“串门”。
What strikes you most about these sites?
They are all about real estate. You set out your stall, stake out a territory. The whole World Wide Web is about a sense of ownership, starting from those company web addresses. But what I envisioned and built is about sharing media and acknowledging sources, without walls or boundaries.
这些网络给你的最大感受是什么?
他们都是源于真实生活的。你支起帐篷,搭建自己的地盘。整个万维网都关乎一种当家作主的感觉,而这始自那些公司网址。但我曾经设想和想要构建的,是一种分享的平台,资源互通,没有围墙或界线。
How do you feel, using the web?
I use it all the time. I’m one of the more extreme users, though I mourn it and I rage at it. The format seems so fundamentally broken. It’s based on document delivery where a document is one file, with all the links embedded in it. The term “information technology” has everyone anaesthetised into thinking that the way it is now is necessary and beyond question. There are three areas – at the very least – where the techies who designed the web are naive. First, they impose hierarchy. Then they simulate paper, when the point should be to improve on it. After all, Henry Ford didn’t try to build a mechanical horse. And finally they assume that the human world is a world of fact and can be represented without the “says who?” information that is built into my way of doing things.
你使用万维网感觉如何?
我常常用它。我属于那些极端用户(重度使用者——译者注),尽管我对它叹气和发泄不满。万维网的形式从本质上是有缺陷的。它基于文件传送,其中一个文件作为一个文档,而所有的链接镶嵌其上(即万维网上)。“信息技术”这一术语让大多数人都误以为,万维网现在的样子是必然的,是不容置疑的。但至少在三个方面,万维网的设计者显得很幼稚。首先,他们引入了层级结构。其次,他们模仿纸面,尽管万维网本是为了改进纸上工作而设计的。毕竟,亨利-福特想造的并非机械马。第三,他们假定人类世界是一个僵硬的实在世界,不需要诸如“says who”这类信息就可以在网上得到反映。而这些信息在我的设计中恰恰是至关重要的。
How is your vision different to theirs?
My style of hypertext would allow you to create your own mesh of insightful structures in a live document, as you explore. A document is not a file and nor is it necessarily a sequence. It is a structure. The central feature of the Xanadu system I proposed in the 1960s is that when a document quotes another, it pulls in the actual text from the source, wherever that lives. I call this “transclusion”. That implies that anyone posting a Xanadu document grants the world a licence to quote from it, charging the reader a one-time fee if they wish – a principle I call “transcopyright”. The links are two-way: each document links back to all the places that quote it. And, crucially, it can all be dynamic. Every change you make is immediately propagated and clarified and resolved. The document is never out of date.
你的设想和他们的设想到底如何不同呢?
我的超文本将允许你在访问一个动态文件时,在其上进一步创立自己的独特的网络结构。一个文件并非文档,也不一定是某种秩序。它是一种结构。我在60年底提出的Xanadu系统的中心特征是,当一个文件引用另外一个文件时,它从被引用处直接拖来实际的文本,而不管被引用者具体在哪里。我把这称为“无所不包”(transclusion)。其含义是,如果一个人贴出一个Xanadu文件,就意味着他授权这个世界上任何人可以去引用这个文件,当然有时会收费——这就是我所谓的“泛版权”(transcopyright)。链接是双向的:每个文件同时也链接到所有引用它的地方。重要的是,所有这一切都是动态的。你对你的文件作的任何修改都会即刻在所有与此文件有链接的地方得到反映和更新。因此,文件永远不会过时。
Does that mean documents are never finished?
Finishing is a political act. What deadlines are about is resolving all the pieces and references that have to be fixed when a document is frozen, and freezing it makes it a policy. You could always do more investigation unless you decide not to.
这是否意味着文件也永远完成不了?
完成是一个政治色彩的说法。所谓完成文件的最终期限,是就组成一个静态文件的各个部分和参考文献何时组合形成文件而言的。这种组合成为一种常规行为。你总是可以不断的对这种组合加以改进,除非你决定不再进行下去。
What could Xanadu do for social networking?
Transclusion would make a huge difference. You could follow through from a comment someone put on your page to see at once what they said to everyone else, and then ask “Is is it only me you love or are you spamming everyone else?”
Xanadu对社会网络有何意义呢?
“无所不包”会带来巨大变化。你可以从某人留在你网页上的某一条评论即刻获知他对其他人都说了些什么,这样就可以问自己:“他只是对我这样呢,还是对所有人都是那样?”
And what about the economics?
With transcopyright, artists could start to make a living. I have a friend who hears her albums played on the radio and the musicians’ collecting societies say they can’t pay her because the number of plays is “statistically insignificant”. Micro-sales might be a huge market, but we don’t know until we try.
Xanadu这种理念的实行有什么相应的经济上的相应方案吗?
有了“泛版权”,艺术家可以据此谋生。我有一个朋友听到她的唱片在电台播放,但音乐家集体著作权协会说,因为电台播放的次数“统计上言微不足道”,因此他们无法给她支付播放报酬。微售卖其实是一个巨大的市场。但除非我们真的进行这种售卖,否则我们不会知道这个市场到底有多大。
What are you working on now?
One thing is FloatingWorld, a system for displaying documents, including their transclusions and the links between them, in three dimensions. Envision social networking done this way: imagine your personal profile as a flying document in space, with thousands of connections streaming off in all directions, where you can spin various wheels or whatever to zoom in and have different parts of the network light up or disappear.
你现在在做什么?
我现在做的其中一件事是FloatingWorld这一用以显示文件的系统,包括用三维方式展示文件的transclusions以及他们之间的链接。请想想这样的社会网络:设想你的个人形象作为一个飞行的文件飘在空间中,从中又伸出数以千计指向各异的链接。你可以从各个角度、从不同远近展示或者藏匿网络的各个部分。
What else do you see in the future?
I met some programmers at a party in Tokyo and they showed me a system of connectible virtual 3D spaces built, like FloatingWorld, with the Open Graphics Library software. You could buy real estate from the owners and build inside it, and you could connect up to others’ spaces. So I thought of my other current project, ZigZag, which is a generalized database, a way of building a linked complex mesh of data items. Each could be an edit of a document, or an entry in a family tree. You could think of it as like a spreadsheet in which only the cells that have contents are stored, but in as many dimensions as you please. ●
你对未来还有什么其他预见?
在东京的一个聚会上,我遇到几个编程师。他们给我看了一个虚拟三维空间结构的互连系统,和FloatingWorld有点像,是采用OGL软件编程的。你可以从卖主那里购买房产,然后加以构建,你也可以把它连接到其他人的空间中去。这让我想起我的另外一个进行中的项目,ZigZag。这是一个万能数据库,用以构建相互关联的由数据材料构成的综合体的一种手段。其中每一个部分都可以是一个文件的一个版本,或者一个“家谱”式的条目。你可以把它想像成一张铺开的表格,这张表格中,只有有内容的格子才被描述和存储,但这种描述和存储,如果你愿意,可有多个不同的角度。
————————————————————
If Ted Nelson had his way, social networking – and the entire web – would be a lot more transparent
如果特德-纳尔逊实现其愿望,那么社会网络——以及整个万维网——将比现在透明得多。
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