美国德特新闻与伤害研究中心（Dart Center for Journalism & Trauma） 是一个旨在提高关于冲突和悲剧的新闻报道的全球性网络,它要求记者采访时永远怀着尊严和尊敬对待受害者,“知道何时停止、怎样停止”。
美国德特新闻与创伤中心，一个哥伦比亚大学新闻研究生院项目，致力于创新和通知，对暴力的伦理的新闻报道，冲突和悲剧。无论话题是街头犯罪，家庭暴力，战争或自然灾害，人权，有效的新闻报道对创伤性事件要求的知识，技能和支持。省道中心提供世界各地的记者提供必要的应对这一挑战的资源，在全球的新闻专业，跨学科的网络，心理健康专家，教育者和研究者。
中心的网站上提供及时的文章，专家访谈，新闻记者的意见，tipsheets和其他资源。网站还为创伤的科学争议和突破的讨论多媒体会场，政策和媒体的报道。
研究人员和学者
教育工作者
培训和咨询
研究中心和鼓励工作的记者同事提供志愿教育和支持，通过专业组织和编辑部的指导。 中心也提供一系列的教育，培训和咨询项目之一，与领先的创伤专家和新闻专业人员合作开发。 这些措施包括： 1. 研讨会集中在特定的故事，事件和问题； 2. 现场新闻简报和咨询创伤问题新闻人员和管理人员； 3. 发展广泛的，定制的培训和朋辈支援计划； 4. 培训培训师。
德特中心是一个全球性的新闻工作者，新闻教育工作者和致力于改善创伤，冲突和悲剧媒体报道卫生专业人员的网络。
德特中心新闻与创伤继续开始在20世纪90年代的使命。1991年新闻学教授在密歇根州立大学成立了一个小程序，以协助新闻专业的学生对暴力的敏感度，尊严和尊重受害者的报告，在密歇根受害者联盟和弗兰克Ochberg，医学博士，心理医生和开拓者的创伤性的治疗协作压力。
这MSU程序，第一个同类型的，是由附近的Mason的飞镖基金会，密歇根州1994年资助德特基金会设立的年度飞镖卓越奖的暴力受害者报告，在由密歇根州立大学管理的那段时间。90年代中期，越来越多的记者，全国各地的教育工作者和临床医生开始探索新闻报道和暴力的交集。渐渐地，飞镖基金会开始在俄克拉何马州，印第安纳州协助受害者和媒体创新节目由新闻学院和华盛顿，其中新闻学教授罗杰·辛普森开发课程的编辑部道德课上涉及性侵犯，家庭暴力和其他创伤性事件特别是大学。
1999年，辛普森和达特基金会成立了飞镖中心新闻与创伤在华盛顿大学通信部作为一个跨学科的结算所。新德特中心假设为每年飞镖奖和项目迅速扩大投资组合的责任- 奖学金，培训计划，研究- 联工作的记者，精神卫生专业人员，研究人员和新闻教师。
在由德特中心发起的第一个项目是一个年度奖学金计划，使一小群职业生涯中期的记者一起进行为期一周的研讨会和运用情感创伤的知识，以提高覆盖率暴力事件的讨论。过去德特中心Ochberg研究员，以及飞镖奖获奖者，包括飞镖协会，一个独立的非盈利性组织。
为响应2001年9月11日的攻击，飞镖中心成立飞镖中心世贸遗址，为期六个月的培训和支持计划，纽约市的记者。该中心还扩大了在国际上，建立在欧洲和澳大利亚全职节点，每个开发突破性的记者和新闻机构的培训计划。迄今为止，德特中心已进行会议，教育计划和任务在25个国家。
从一开始，德特中心鼓励和带领报告创伤性事件的心理影响的研究。1999年至2002年，辛普森与心理学家绮纽曼和其他同事进行在美国出版的新闻编辑室的记者和摄影师的职业心理健康的第一同行审查的研究。2004年，德特中心成立于心理学系塔尔萨大学的导演纽曼正在进行的研究点，涉及研究生的研究人员在各种正在进行的项目。该中心一直支持和鼓励开拓性研究投入战斗记者的心理健康。2006年，记者布鲁斯·夏皮罗，该中心的成立领导团队的一员，成为德特中心新闻与创伤的第一个全职执行董事。
2009年，德特基金会接受了新闻事业哥伦比亚大学研究生院的邀请来定位德特中心那里，提供700万美元，5年的礼物，哥伦比亚，以支持核心计划。
通过从德特基金会和志愿者的新闻专业人员，临床医生和研究人员的积极参与慷慨的持续支持，德特中心已能为例外事件挑战新闻业回应- 俄克拉何马城爆炸案，9月11日，伊拉克战争，卡特里娜飓风，印尼海啸，等等 - 同时扩大的核心承诺，以创新的培训和所有新闻专业人士遇到的暴力和悲剧在自己的手艺的实践支持。
A 40page guide to help journalists, photojournalists and editors report on violence while protecting both victims and themselves.
September 11, 2001.
April 19, 1995.
Everyone knows what happened on the above dates. But you may remember others, too: The day of the storm that killed many people in your area. The day of the fire that killed innocent children. The day that someone murdered someone you knew.
Reporters, editors, photojournalists and news crews are involved in the coverage of many tragedies during their lifetimes. They range from wars to terrorist attacks to airplane crashes to natural disasters to fire to murders. All having victims. All affecting their communities. All creating lasting memories.
The events of April 19, 1995, and September 11, 2001, are slowly beginning to change newsroom cultures. But to cover any large tragedy effectively, journalists must consider three important areas:
The victims. Their deaths or injuries create a ripple effect of grief.After the Oklahoma City bombing, Ed Kelley, then managing editor of The Oklahoman, told the staff that the tragedy was No. 1, a people story. “Many of these people who died were much like us,” he wrote in a newsroom memo. “They lived good and useful lives. The children who died alongside them had as much potential as well.”
The community. The way journalists cover the event probably will affect how a community reacts in the aftermath of the tragedy. Chris Peck, president of the Associated Press Managing Editors, told the APME convention on October 11, 2001, in Milwaukee: “Our newspapers helped this nation understand what had happened in New York and Washington, D.C. Our newspapers served as the common ground where citizens came to learn about a tragedy and to share their concerns, compassion and coping skills.” Peck, editor of the Spokesman Review in Spokane, Wash., added, “Our pages continue to bring communities together. Our reporters, photographers and editors possess unique and valuable skills that have helped a nation comprehend and consider complex issues and public policies.”
The journalists. No one is above having a human reaction. Journalists face unusual challenges when covering violent or mass tragedies. They interact with victims dealing with extraordinary grief. Journalists who cover any “blood-and-guts” beat often construct a needed and appropriate professional wall between themselves and the survivors and other witnesses they interview. But after sitting and talking with people who have suffered great loss, the same wall may impede the need of journalists to react to their own exposure to tragedy. Al Tompkins of the Poynter Institute for Media Studies wrote the following for Poynter.org on September 15, 2001: “Reporters, photojournalists, engineers, soundmen and field producers often work elbow to elbow with emergency workers. Journalists’ symptoms of traumatic stress are remarkably similar to those of police officers and firefighters who work in the immediate aftermath of tragedy, yet journalists typically receive little support after they file their stories. While public
safety workers are offered debriefings and counseling after a trauma, journalists are merely assigned another story.” In the future, we know that we’ll face more tragedies more dates that will leave lasting memories for victims, communities and ourselves. The practical tips in this booklet can help you become more effective in handling these vital areas.
Always treat victims with dignity and respect - the way you want to be treated in a similar situation. Journalists will always seek to approach survivors, but reporters should do it with sensitivity, including knowing when and how to back off.
Tips for interviewing victims:
1. Always treat victims with dignity and respect the way you want to be treated in a similar situation. Journalists will always seek to approach survivors, but reporters should do it with sensitivity, including knowing when and how to back off.
2. Clearly identify yourself: "I am Joe Hight with The Oklahoman and I am doing a story on Jessica's life." Don't be surprised if you receive a harsh reaction at first, especially from parents of child victims. However, do not respond by reacting harshly.
3. You can say you're sorry for the person's loss, but never say "I understand" or "I know how you feel." Don't be surprised, too, especially when covering acts of political violence, if a subject responds to your apology by saying, "Sorry isn't good enough." Remain respectful.
4. Don't overwhelm with the hardest questions first. Begin with questions such as, "Can you tell me about Jerry's life?" Or, "What did Jerry like to do? What were his favorite hobbies?" Then listen! The worst mistake a reporter can do is to talk too much.
5. Be especially careful when interviewing survivors of anyone who is missing, and try to clarify that you seek to profile their lives before they disappeared and not to write their obituaries. If you're unable to contact the victim or other survivor, try calling a relative or the funeral home to request an interview or obtain comments. If you receive a harsh reaction, leave a phone number or your card and explain that the survivor can call if she or he wants to talk later. This often leads to the best stories.
Focus on the person's life. Find out what made the person special: personality, beliefs, environment (surroundings, hobbies, family and friends), and likes and dislikes. Treat the person's life as carefully as a photographer does in framing a portrait.
Tips for writing about victims:
1. Focus on the person's life. Find out what made the person special: personality, beliefs, environment (surroundings, hobbies, family and friends), and likes and dislikes. Treat the person's life as carefully as a photographer does in framing a portrait.
2. Always be accurate. Check back with the victim or victim's representative to verify spellings of names, facts and even quotes. The reason: When you first talk to a victim, he or she may be confused or distracted. Double-checking can ensure accuracy. It also may provide you with additional information and quotes that you can use.
3. Use pertinent details that help describe victims as they lived or provide images of their lives. Example: "Johnny loved to play the guitar in the evening to entertain his family, but it also helped him escape the stress of his job as a sheriff's deputy."
4. Avoid unneeded gory details about the victims' deaths. After the Oklahoma City bombing, certain reporters chose not to reveal that body parts were dangling from the trees near the federal building. Ask yourself whether the images are pertinent or will do unnecessary harm to certain members of your readership or broadcast audience. Also, avoid words and terms such as "closure," "will rest in peace" or "a shocked community mourns the death." Use simple and clear words as good writers do for any story.
5. Use quotes and anecdotes from the victim's relatives and friends to describe the person's life. Especially those that tell how the person had overcome obstacles. Seek current photos of the victim (but always return them as soon as possible). This way, you know what the person looked like in life.
Understand that your coverage of a traumatic event will have an impact on your readership, viewers or listeners. Remember that the tone of your coverage may reflect the tone of the community's reaction to it. Thus, you should establish policies that affect your coverage: For example, consider coverage of public memorial services for the victims, instead of private funerals. And, if you do cover private services, call the funeral home to ensure that you will not intrude.
Tips for covering traumatic events in your community:
Understand that your coverage of a traumatic event will have an impact on your readership, viewers or listeners. Remember that the tone of your coverage may reflect the tone of the community's reaction to it. Thus, you should establish policies that affect your coverage: For example, consider coverage of public memorial services for the victims, instead of private funerals. And, if you do cover private services, call the funeral home to ensure that you will not intrude.
2. Write stories about the victims' lives and their effect on your community. These are short stories about the victims, their favorite hobbies, what made them special, and the ripple effect of their lives. In many cases, victims' relatives want to talk when they realize that the reporter is writing these types of stories. In 1995 after the Oklahoma City bombing, The Oklahoman called these stories "Profiles of Life." The Oklahoman also did "Profiles of Life" after the record F-5 tornado outbreak in May 1999 that killed 44 people and the plane crash in January 2000 that killed the 10 members of the Oklahoma State University basketball team and staff. After the September 11, 2001, World Trade Center attack, The New York Times called its short stories about the victims "Portraits of Grief." The Asbury Park Press called its stories "In Tribute." These short stories can be published daily in a similar format until all of the victims have been featured. They sometimes lead to bigger stories, too.
3. Provide forums on what people are thinking, especially words of encouragement. Offer lists for ways people can help and how they have helped. Frank M. Ochberg, M.D., executive committee chairman of the Dart Center for Journalism & Trauma, says, "Journalists and therapists face similar challenges when they realize their subjects are at risk of further injury. Techniques may differ, but objectives are the same: to inform about sources of help."
4. Find ways people are helping, including acts of kindness, and report on them throughout the recovery process. This may provide hope for the community. 5. Constantly ask these questions: What does the public need to know and how much coverage is too much? When does a medium become infatuated with a story when the public is not? A community is much more than a mass killing or disaster. The coverage must reflect that.
Know your limits. If you've been given a troublesome assignment that you feel you cannot perform, politely express your concerns to your supervisor. Tell the supervisor that you may not be the best person for the assignment. Explain why.
Tips for taking care of yourself:
1. Know your limits. If you've been given a troublesome assignment that you feel you cannot perform, politely express your concerns to your supervisor. Tell the supervisor that you may not be the best person for the assignment. Explain why.
2. Take breaks. A few minutes or a few hours away from the situation may help relieve your stress.
3. Find someone who is a sensitive listener. It can be an editor or a peer, but you must trust that the listener will not pass judgment on you. Perhaps it is someone who has faced a similar experience.
4. Learn how to deal with your stress. Find a hobby, exercise, attend a house of worship or, most important, spend time with your family, a significant other or friends - or all four. Try deep-breathing. The Eastern Connecticut Health Network recommends that you "take a long, slow, deep breath to the count of five, then exhale slowly to the count of five. Imagine breathing out excess tension and breathing in relaxation." All of these can be effective for your mental and physical well-being.
5. Understand that your problems may become overwhelming. Before he died in April 1945, war correspondent Ernie Pyle wrote, "I've been immersed in it too long. My spirit is wobbly and my mind is confused. The hurt has become too great." If this happens to you, seek counseling from a professional.
Understand that you may be the first to arrive at any scene. You may face dangerous situations and harsh reactions from law enforcement and the public. Stay calm and focused throughout. Be aware that a camera cannot prevent you from being injured. Do not hesitate to leave a scene if it becomes too dangerous. Any supervisor or editor should understand that a person's life is more important than a photo.
Tips for photojournalists who respond to tragedies:
1.Understand that you may be the first to arrive at any scene. You may face dangerous situations and harsh reactions from law enforcement and the public. Stay calm and focused throughout. Be aware that a camera cannot prevent you from being injured. Do not hesitate to leave a scene if it becomes too dangerous. Any supervisor or editor should understand that a person's life is more important than a photo.
2. Treat every victim that you approach at a tragedy with sensitivity, dignity and respect. Do not react harshly to anyone's response to you. Politely identify yourself before requesting information.
3. You will record many bloody images during a tragedy. Ask yourself whether these are important enough for historical purposes or too graphic for your readers or viewers.
4. Do everything possible to avoid violating someone's private grieving. That doesn't mean that you shouldn't record photos of emotion at public scenes. However, do not intrude upon someone's private property or disturb victims during their grieving process.
5. Realize that you are a human being who must take care of your mind. Admit your emotions. Talk about what you witnessed to a trusted peer, friend or spouse. Write about it. Replace horrible images with positive ones. Establish a daily routine of healthful habits. Dr. Elana Newman, a licensed clinical psychologist who conducted a survey of 800 photojournalists, told the National Press Photographers Association convention: "Witnessing death and injury takes its toll, a toll that increases with exposure. The more such assignments photojournalists undertake, the more likely they are to experience psychological consequences." If your problems become overwhelming, do not hesitate to seek professional counseling.
Remember: Everyone in your newsroom may be affected differently. Some may be affected immediately while others will take days, weeks, months or even years to see the effect. The journalists who either claim or seem to be the most unfazed by the event may, in fact, be affected the most. Others may have developed mechanisms to help them deal with tragedy, and they may have minimal effects.
Tips for managing those who cover traumatic events:
1. Remember: Everyone in your newsroom may be affected differently. Some may be affected immediately while others will take days, weeks, months or even years to see the effect. The journalists who either claim or seem to be the most unfazed by the event may, in fact, be affected the most. Others may have developed mechanisms to help them deal with tragedy, and they may have minimal effects. Personal problems will exacerbate an individual's reaction. For example, a staff member who is going through a divorce may be affected more than others. Your staff members may show signs when they have been particularly affected. Tiredness, irritability and lashing out are three common ones, whether they occur inside or outside the newsroom. Encourage supervisors and reporters alike to listen and watch for them.
2. Appoint a person to monitor the staff's well-being who can make recommendations to you about it. After September 11, 2001, two "internal staff ombudsmen" were appointed at New Jersey's Asbury Park Press. Elaine Silvestrini, a reporter and one of the ombudsmen, wrote that she and Carol Gorga Williams advocated for sensitive coverage and attention to the staff's personal needs. "We attended news meetings, helped get answers to questions, kept an eye out for people who were overloaded and arranged for others to be rotated in to relieve them. We also talked to people when others alerted us they might be having problems."
3. Offer individual counseling. Also, plan group meetings to explain available resources, tone of coverage, what staff members can do to help themselves and each other, and possible outlets, such as peer support. Do not expect staff members to reveal intimate details about themselves during these gatherings.
4. Provide e-mails or memos that offer: encouragement; acknowledgment that their work is having an impact on the community; reminders; what day and date it is; tips to alleviate stress, and positive letters and notes from readers about their coverage. Examples after September 11, 2001, include memos from William E. Schmidt, associate managing editor of The New York Times, and the following excerpt from a memo by Henry Freeman, editor of The Journal News in White Plains, N.Y.: "We will cover the news, and we will continue to perform at the highest journalist levels. Our readers need us now more than ever. What we do every day - especially now - is important. "But, it is also important that you take care of yourself. And that we take care of each other. "Thank you for the privilege and honor of being your editor."
5. Encourage staffers to do things to help themselves. Post tips on bulletin boards and include in memos and e-mails.
HazMat officer Mike Hagen affirmed a 21st century reality: Police, firefighters - and now journalists - are considered among the first responders to a terrorist act.
The Los Angeles police officer said at the "Homeland Terrorism: A Primer for First-responder Journalists" conference in June 2003 that journalists usually arrive either before or immediately following police and firefighters.
That realization is probably nothing new to any experienced reporter or photographer who has been first to arrive at the scene of a violent attack. However, in today's society in which terrorism has become even more of a threat, journalists and their supervisors must be aware of possible safety and ethical issues.
"Police officers, firefighters and paramedics are equipped and trained for emergency intervention. When journalists are first responders, they face difficult decisions, the potential of physical danger and emotional risk - to others and themselves," Dr. Frank Ochberg said.
Ethical issues include the question of whether to provide aid to injured victims or help in the evacuation before emergency responders arrive. Simply doing your job and ignoring the victims' plight might be considered morally wrong by the public.
Besides the ethical issue of helping victims, reporters or photographers must consider the dangers of covering violent attacks. First responders should be aware of their safety and surroundings when they first arrive at a scene.
These risks include whether:
· The perpetrator is still in the area.
· A threat of violence continues or anything dangerous is near.
· An area is still contaminated in the event of a biological accident.
· Terrorists plan for a secondary bomb or attack.
During an address to UNESCO in Jamaica , Rodney Pinder, director of the International News Safety Institute, said journalists must be more willing to accept training to protect themselves from both physical and psychological harm.
"Many still behave like cowboys, putting themselves and their associates at risk," he said.
Supervisors also must face the responsibility of sending reporters and photographers, especially younger and inexperienced ones, into potentially dangerous situations. They should seek ways to protect their journalists and advise them of appropriate precautions.
Newsday and the Washington Post have bought safety equipment to help safeguard their reporters and photographers who cover dangerous situations, according to a March 2003 story by Newsday's James T. Madore. Also, several journalists at the "Homeland Terrorism" conference said that they had received special safety training.
Howard A. Tyner, editorial vice president of Tribune Co. publishing division, told Madore that its newspapers wouldn't force journalists to cover dangerous events and would advise them of safety precautions. Those newspapers include the Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune and Newsday.
"Remember, not only is no story worth a reporter's life, but a dead reporter isn't going to report anything," Tyner said. Finally, and maybe most importantly, journalists and their supervisors must be aware of the psychological effects. Debriefing and even counseling may be necessary to offset the possible emotional damage caused by being a first responder.
As officer Hagen noted, today's journalists must realize that being first to a violent or terrorist attack carries significant risk - both physically and psychologically.
Chantal McLaughlin wrote the following in a case study published online by the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism: "The American Psychiatric Association characterizes PTSD as at least three months of recurrent and intrusive recollections of the event, emotional numbing, and avoidance of people and places that are reminders of the event. Another common symptom is hyperarousal, which may include irritability, jittery behavior, poor concentration, sleep disturbances and feeling a lack of security. Trauma survivors often become depressed and have trouble with work and family relationships. People with the disorder may not understand what is causing their symptoms and may never be diagnosed, suffering in silence, perhaps for years."
Chantal McLaughlin wrote the following in a case study published online by the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism: "
The American Psychiatric Association characterizes PTSD as at least three months of recurrent and intrusive recollections of the event, emotional numbing, and avoidance of people and places that are reminders of the event. Another common symptom is hyperarousal, which may include irritability, jittery behavior, poor concentration, sleep disturbances and feeling a lack of security. Trauma survivors often become depressed and have trouble with work and family relationships. People with the disorder may not understand what is causing their symptoms and may never be diagnosed, suffering in silence, perhaps for years."
Stress is a normal reaction to extreme or prolonged exposure to violence and other human tragedies. But an exceptional thing about journalists is that we alone seem to think that we are exceptional in our reactions. Violence and its emotional aftermath affect all first responders, including police, fire and ambulance workers as well as journalists.
Reporters are no different from cops or emergency crews in that most are more comfortable opening up before peers than strangers. A coffee shop or a bar may provide colleagues with an invaluable venue in which to talk and perhaps debrief each other about the emotions of their work. Honest debriefings, however, require no showmanship, something that anthropologist Mark Pedelty, author of War Stories: The Culture of Foreign Correspondents, says is ingrained in journalists' "machista" culture. Recognizing the need for a debriefing forum or the opportunity to articulate emotions in the aftermath of a school-yard massacre or the World Trade Center attacks is not a sign of weakness, as too many journalists seem to think. Instead, when done successfully, debriefing fosters strength. The act of articulation - writing, drawing, painting, talking or crying - seems to change the way a traumatic memory is stored in the brain, as if it somehow moves the memory from one part of the hard drive to another. Child survivors from Guatemala to Bosnia have begun to heal by drawing or coloring out images of attacks. Especially when the act is coupled with the opportunity to grieve, articulation often provides a release of the emotions associated with the event and leaves its author able to recall the memory in the future with less or no pain. Journalists often accomplish the same by writing or producing a report, but there is also "stuff you can't put in the paper because it is too gruesome or too out there or whatever," said staff writer Penny Owen of The Oklahoman. "What I really needed [after the Oklahoma City bombing] was time with fellow journalists . to talk through all the things that happened." But, she added, "by the time we slowed down, everyone was so tired of the bombing that we never really got [to] have that big hashing out session." Journalists are people who, like almost everyone else who is exposed to pain, feel it whether it is theirs or not. Keeping it bottled up may only prolong its impact and make it worse in the future. The need to articulate feelings after covering mass tragedies is obvious, and it is more likely to happen sooner rather than later if a counselor who is paid to listen is on hand. Providing professional debriefing as a service of employment benefits news employers and employees alike, as the result is usually more sensitive and compelling journalism. Journalists, including free-lancers, should seek and take advantage of opportunities for both peer and professional counseling. The news is out. Talking it out with others works.
Sponsors of the "Tragedies and Journalists" publication
The Dart Center for Journalism & Trauma, based at the University of Washington, is a resource center and program developer for students, educators, journalists and news organizations interested in the intersection of journalism and trauma issues. The Dart Center recognizes and encourages excellence in reporting on victims of violence and trains journalists on issues of trauma in collaboration with the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.
The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies was founded in 1985 for professionals to share information about the effects of trauma. It is dedicated to the discovery and dissemination of knowledge about policy, program and service initiatives that seek to reduce the immediate and long-term consequences of traumatic stress. Members include psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurses, counselors, researchers, administrators, advocates, journalists, clergy and others with an interest in the study and treatment of traumatic stress.
23.8 采访前与采访对象沟通，说明采访意图，征求其同意。
23.9 采用联合采访方式，减少对遇难者家属的重复情感刺激。
23.10 尊重采访对象不接受采访的权利，尤其是对失去亲人者的采访，不强行采访或诱骗采访。
23.11 尊重灾难中采访对象不暴露身份的要求。
23.12 当采访对象处于惊恐状态时，放弃直接接触的采访方式（如提问、摄影、摄像），用其他不打扰的方式采访（如观察、访问他人），或放弃采访。
23.13 面对刚失去亲人的采访对象，提问不涉及失去亲人的感受、对亲人的思念等
23.14 观察采访对象所处的生活状态，不以俯视或冷漠的语气和态度进行采访。
23.25 报道中涉及遇难者生前影像时要与其家属联系，获得同意后刊播；不刊播未成年人遇难者生前影像，或对其做模糊处理。
23.26 在灾难事件的延伸报道中，兼顾遇难者家属的心理感受，不突出可能使其受到伤害的内容。
23.27 不以救灾成绩掩饰灾情，不夸大灾情，不过度集中报道同一个灾区。
23.28 报道中公布伤亡者名单一般以救灾单位公布的信息为准。若有疑问，经查证后在报道中说明。对数据或事实未经核实，不做揣测性报道。
23.29 以编者按等方式提供一些科学的逃生、防疫或避难常识。
23.30 以编者按等方式对可能引起争议的灾难报道进行说明和提示。
23.31 对于其他国家的灾难事件同样给予关注和人文关怀。
词条内容仅供参考，如果您需要解决具体问题
（尤其在法律、医学等领域），建议您咨询相关领域专业人士。
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